The Paris Peace Conferences
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So What?: "The Big Four" was made up of the representatives from Italy, Great Britain, France and the United States.
The treaties developed, reshaped the European map with new borders, and imposed war guilt and financial penalties on Germany. |
The Formation of the League of Nations
When: Idea approved in 1919, first meeting January 20, 1920
Where: Paris, France, then moved to Genova, Switzerland. What: The first international organization with the main goal of achieving world peace. Why: To prevent wars through collective security, and disarmament, as well as settling interntational disputes through arbitration and negotiation. Outcome: After some successes and some failures, the League was unable to prevent aggression by the Axis powers, so countries started to leave, which lead to the League being dissolved. |
So What?: The League lasted 27 years before the start of World War 2.
It was replaced by the UN after the war ended, and inherited organizations and agencies founded by the League. Tried to solve conflicts in and between nations, like the fight against international trade in opium and sexual slavery in places like Turkey. |
Invasion of ManchuriaWhen: September 19, 1931
Where: Manchuria, Republic of China What: Manchuria was invaded by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, following the Mukden Incident. Why: Japan did not have many natural resources, and Manchuria was close and did have resources. Japans reason for invading was that apparently the Chinese sabotaged one of their military railway lines in Manchuria. Outcome: The United States boycotted raw materials to Japan, and so they looked other places which lead to other attacks. |
So What?: Just a week before the invasion, the League of Nations gave a speech that said " I do not think there is the slightest prospect of any war." And when Manchuria was invaded, they did nothing.
The League ordered Japan to withdraw from Manchuria, and the Japanese delegates blamed the attack on tempermental army men. |
Invasion of EthiopiaWhen: October 1935- May 1936
Where: Ethiopia What: A colonial war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire. Why: The military occupation in Ethiopia, and its annexation to the new colony of Italian East Africa. Outcome: It exposed the weakness of the League of Nations, and in a positive outcome for Italy, was the praise their leader Mussolini recieved for his achievements. |
So What?: The Italian victory brought the creation of the Italian Empire that included Ethiopia, but 5 years later Abyssinia regained its independance. Ethiopia and Italy were both members of the League of Nations, and since the League was unable to control the two countries, it exposed how weak they were.
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The Ruhr OccupationWhen: 1923-1925
Where: North Rine- Westphalia, Germany. What: After the failure of the German Weimar Republic, French and Belgian soldiers occupied the Ruhr to enforce German payments from the first world war. The Germans could not resist militarily, and riots, strikes and civil disobedience was their response. Why: Germany couldn't pay off their debts from the first world war, and the Treaty of Versailles stated that France could invade and extract the reparations if they were not paid on time. Outcome: The Dawes Plan was created in April of 1924, which lowered the Germans reparations payments, and the French were forced to sign it. In July and August of 1925, France withdrew their forces. |
So What?: Germany was sympathized for by countries around the world. The occupation turned out to be profitable, and did not cause the German hyperinflation or the French collapse. The Dawes Plan marked the first time Germany was able to go against the Treaty of Versailles, and a part of the treaty was revised in their favour.
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The Maginot LineWhen: Built 1930-1940. In use 1935-1969.
Where: Spread along the France, Germany and Italy borders. What: A long line of tank articles, concrete fortifications, artillery casemates, machine gun posts and other defenses. Very good living conditions were inside, with air-conditioning & underground railways. Why: To protect the French army from direct attack and give them time to mobilize their army into Belgium in case German soldiers attacked. Outcome: The German army invaded the French through Belgium, and in about 6 weeks had conquered France. It was also expensive to keep, which caused other things to be underfunded. |
So what?: The Maginot Line was said to be genius, and it was believed to be able to prevent any attacks from the east. It is now known as a stragedy that seems like it will work great, but fails horribly. Most of the Maginot fortifications have been sold and turned into things like wine cellars and even clubs.
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Unit One Terms
1) Nationalism- Loyalty and devotion to a nation, believing ones nation is above another.
2) Imperialism- The creation and/or maintenance of a country's power and influence through military force.
3) Treaty of Versailles- A peace treaty established at the end of World War 1 to establish peace terms.
4) Idealism vs. Realism- A theory that ultimate reality lies in a realm transcending phenomena, vs. a theory that objects of sense perception or cognition exist independently of the mind.
5) Fourtneen Points- A statement by Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.
6) Self-Determintaion- Free choice of ones own acts or states without external compulsion.
7) War Guilt Clause- An article stating Germany accepts the responsibility of causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and nationals.
8) W.C.T.U- First mass organization among women devoted to social reform based on applied Christianity.
9) League of Nations- Interngovernmental organization formed as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that its main goal was world peace.
10) Collective Security- A security arrangement in which each state in the system accepts the security of one concerns all.
11) Woodrow Wilson- 28th president of the US, part of the "Big Four", issued Fourteen Points, helped create the League of Nations.
12) Economic Sanctions- Actions taken by one nation or group of nations to harm economy of another nation, to force political change.
13) Hoare- Laval Plan- Proposal for ending the 2nd Italo-Abyssinian War.
14) The Locarno Pact- 7 agreements in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and new states sought to secure post war territorial settlement.
15) Kellogg-Briand Pact- Officially Pact of Paris, an international agreement where signatory states promised not to use war to resolve things.
16) Washington Conference- Military conference conducted outside the League of Nations regarding interests in Pacific Ocean and East Asia.
17) Bourgeoisie- Middle class, capitalist class who owns most of society's wealth and means of production.
18) Proletariat- Working class people, regarded collectively.
19) Exploitation- Making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful.
20) Dictatorship of the Proletariat- Socialist state in which the working class has control of political power.
21) Cadet- A young student training in the armed forces or at military school.
22) Bolshevik- Member of majority faction of Russian Social Democratic Party, extreme radical, communist.
23) Menshevik- Member of liberal faction of Social Democratic Party that struggled against Bolsheviks before and during Russian Revolution.
24) October Manifesto- Document that served as a precursor to Russian Empires first constitution, in response to Russian Revolution.
25) Fundamental Laws- Laws determining the constitution of the govenment of a state.
26) Duma- Council assemblies created by the Tsar of Russia, form of Russian governmental institution.
27) Provisional Government- Emergency or interim government set up when a political void created by collapse of a very large government.
28) V.I. Lenin- Russian communist revolutionary, political theorist, politician, Lenninism, leader of Russia SFSR in 1917.
29) Joseph Stalin- Leader of the Soviet Union, among Bolshevik revolutionaries, appointed General Secretary. "socialism in one country"
30) Leon Trotsky- Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician and founder and 1st leader of the Red Army. Joined Bolsheviks.
31) Peace, Land, Bread- A promise given to the people of Russia by the Communists. Peace- End involvement in the war. Land- Give land to peasants. Bread- Bring up basic living conditions.
32) April Theses- Series of directives issued by Lenin, calling for Soviets to take power, new communist policies, denounced Provisional Government, and ordered Bolsheviks to not cooperate with the government.
33) Soviet- Elected local, district or national council in the former USSR.
34) Alexander Kerensky- Major political leader before and during the Russian revolution until overthrown in October revolution.
35) General Kornilov- Military intelligence officer, explorer and general in Imperial Russian army during WW1 and Russian Civil War.
36) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk- Peace treaty the Soviet government was forced to sign and it defaulted Russias commitment on Triple Entente.
37) War Communisim- Economic and political system in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War with the goal of keeping towns and Red Army stocked with weapons and food.
38) Russian Civil War- Multi party war in the former Russian empire between the Bolshevik Red Army and White Army, 1917-1922.
39) Reds- Workers and Peasants Red Army, communist combat groups, grew into national army of Soviet Army, one of largest in history. Whites- White guard, loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces who fought Bolsheviks.
40) Allied Intervention- Multi national military expedition launched during Russian Civil War, 14 nation forces, goals to help Czech Legions, secure supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports, and re-establish Eastern front.
41) New Economic Policy- State capitalism, more capitalism oriented economic policy after Civil war to raise economy of the country.
42) Comintern- Third international, a communist organization.
43) Treaty of Rapallo- Agreement signed in the Italian town Rapallo between Germany and Russia where each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other.
44) "Guns or Butter"- Military spending or food supplies in nations expenditures in order to demonstrate increase one relies on decrease of other.
45) Command Economy- Economy in which production, investments, prices & incomes determined centrally by government.
46) Collectiviation- To organize an economy, industry or enterprise on the basis of collectivism.
47) Kolkhoz- A soviet collective farm.
48) Kulak- Prosperous landed peasant in czarist Russia, characterized by Communists during October Revolution as an exploiter.
49) Five Year Plan- Government plan for economic developement over a period of 5 years.
50) Gulags- Network of forced labor camps in former Soviet Russia, especially for political dissidents.
51) The Purges- Stalins purges aimed at extermination of those who opposed industrialization and kulaks. Targeted most non Germans.
52) Guastav Stresemann- German politician and statesman, recieved a Noble Peace prize, was seen as most influential of Weimar Republic exsistance.
2) Imperialism- The creation and/or maintenance of a country's power and influence through military force.
3) Treaty of Versailles- A peace treaty established at the end of World War 1 to establish peace terms.
4) Idealism vs. Realism- A theory that ultimate reality lies in a realm transcending phenomena, vs. a theory that objects of sense perception or cognition exist independently of the mind.
5) Fourtneen Points- A statement by Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.
6) Self-Determintaion- Free choice of ones own acts or states without external compulsion.
7) War Guilt Clause- An article stating Germany accepts the responsibility of causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and nationals.
8) W.C.T.U- First mass organization among women devoted to social reform based on applied Christianity.
9) League of Nations- Interngovernmental organization formed as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that its main goal was world peace.
10) Collective Security- A security arrangement in which each state in the system accepts the security of one concerns all.
11) Woodrow Wilson- 28th president of the US, part of the "Big Four", issued Fourteen Points, helped create the League of Nations.
12) Economic Sanctions- Actions taken by one nation or group of nations to harm economy of another nation, to force political change.
13) Hoare- Laval Plan- Proposal for ending the 2nd Italo-Abyssinian War.
14) The Locarno Pact- 7 agreements in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and new states sought to secure post war territorial settlement.
15) Kellogg-Briand Pact- Officially Pact of Paris, an international agreement where signatory states promised not to use war to resolve things.
16) Washington Conference- Military conference conducted outside the League of Nations regarding interests in Pacific Ocean and East Asia.
17) Bourgeoisie- Middle class, capitalist class who owns most of society's wealth and means of production.
18) Proletariat- Working class people, regarded collectively.
19) Exploitation- Making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful.
20) Dictatorship of the Proletariat- Socialist state in which the working class has control of political power.
21) Cadet- A young student training in the armed forces or at military school.
22) Bolshevik- Member of majority faction of Russian Social Democratic Party, extreme radical, communist.
23) Menshevik- Member of liberal faction of Social Democratic Party that struggled against Bolsheviks before and during Russian Revolution.
24) October Manifesto- Document that served as a precursor to Russian Empires first constitution, in response to Russian Revolution.
25) Fundamental Laws- Laws determining the constitution of the govenment of a state.
26) Duma- Council assemblies created by the Tsar of Russia, form of Russian governmental institution.
27) Provisional Government- Emergency or interim government set up when a political void created by collapse of a very large government.
28) V.I. Lenin- Russian communist revolutionary, political theorist, politician, Lenninism, leader of Russia SFSR in 1917.
29) Joseph Stalin- Leader of the Soviet Union, among Bolshevik revolutionaries, appointed General Secretary. "socialism in one country"
30) Leon Trotsky- Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician and founder and 1st leader of the Red Army. Joined Bolsheviks.
31) Peace, Land, Bread- A promise given to the people of Russia by the Communists. Peace- End involvement in the war. Land- Give land to peasants. Bread- Bring up basic living conditions.
32) April Theses- Series of directives issued by Lenin, calling for Soviets to take power, new communist policies, denounced Provisional Government, and ordered Bolsheviks to not cooperate with the government.
33) Soviet- Elected local, district or national council in the former USSR.
34) Alexander Kerensky- Major political leader before and during the Russian revolution until overthrown in October revolution.
35) General Kornilov- Military intelligence officer, explorer and general in Imperial Russian army during WW1 and Russian Civil War.
36) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk- Peace treaty the Soviet government was forced to sign and it defaulted Russias commitment on Triple Entente.
37) War Communisim- Economic and political system in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War with the goal of keeping towns and Red Army stocked with weapons and food.
38) Russian Civil War- Multi party war in the former Russian empire between the Bolshevik Red Army and White Army, 1917-1922.
39) Reds- Workers and Peasants Red Army, communist combat groups, grew into national army of Soviet Army, one of largest in history. Whites- White guard, loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces who fought Bolsheviks.
40) Allied Intervention- Multi national military expedition launched during Russian Civil War, 14 nation forces, goals to help Czech Legions, secure supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports, and re-establish Eastern front.
41) New Economic Policy- State capitalism, more capitalism oriented economic policy after Civil war to raise economy of the country.
42) Comintern- Third international, a communist organization.
43) Treaty of Rapallo- Agreement signed in the Italian town Rapallo between Germany and Russia where each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other.
44) "Guns or Butter"- Military spending or food supplies in nations expenditures in order to demonstrate increase one relies on decrease of other.
45) Command Economy- Economy in which production, investments, prices & incomes determined centrally by government.
46) Collectiviation- To organize an economy, industry or enterprise on the basis of collectivism.
47) Kolkhoz- A soviet collective farm.
48) Kulak- Prosperous landed peasant in czarist Russia, characterized by Communists during October Revolution as an exploiter.
49) Five Year Plan- Government plan for economic developement over a period of 5 years.
50) Gulags- Network of forced labor camps in former Soviet Russia, especially for political dissidents.
51) The Purges- Stalins purges aimed at extermination of those who opposed industrialization and kulaks. Targeted most non Germans.
52) Guastav Stresemann- German politician and statesman, recieved a Noble Peace prize, was seen as most influential of Weimar Republic exsistance.
http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/105473/Russia-1905-1941/#vars!date=1905-01-22_00:00:00!